E toru ngā pūnaha tohanga i roto i ngā waeine whakamatao ahumahi, ā, he maha ngā raruraru tauine ka puta i roto i ngā pūnaha tohanga rerekē, pērā i te pūnaha tohanga whakamatao, te pūnaha tohanga wai, me te pūnaha tohanga whakahaere hiko. Me mahi tahi ngā pūnaha tohanga rerekē kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te mahi pumau.
Nō reira, me pupuri ia pūnaha i roto i te awhe mahi noa. Ahakoa he pumau te mahi a ngā taputapu whakamatao ahumahi i hangaia i roto i te motu, ki te kore e mahia te tiaki me te tiaki e tika ana mō te wā roa, ka arahi pea ki te maha o ngā raruraru tauine. Ehara i te mea ka aukati noa i ngā taputapu, engari ka pāngia hoki te rere o te wai o ngā taputapu.
He pānga nui tēnei ki te mahi whānui o ngā waeine whakamatao ahumahi, ā, ka whakapotohia te roa o te ora o ngā waeine whakamatao ahumahi. Nō reira, he mea tino nui te horoi i te tauine i te wā tika mō ngā waeine whakamatao ahumahi.
1. He aha i whai tauine ai te pouaka whakamātao?
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te whakapūtanga i roto i te pūnaha wai whakamatao ko ngā tote konupūmā me ngā tote konupora, ā, ka heke tō rātou wairewa i te pikinga o te pāmahana; ina pā te wai whakamatao ki te mata o te whakawhiti wera, ka puta ngā putunga whakapūtanga ki te mata o te whakawhiti wera.
E whā ngā āhuatanga o te poke o te pouaka whakamātao:
(1) Te whakatioatatanga o ngā tote i roto i te otinga tino mātotoru me ngā wāhanga maha.
(2) Te whakatakotoranga o ngā kōroiti waro me ngā kōroiti kohuke.
(3) Te herenga o ngā matūriki totoka o ētahi matū me ngā nekehanga marara rerekē.
(4) Te waikura hikohiko o ētahi matū me te whakaputanga moroiti, me ētahi atu. Ko te whakatōtōtanga o ēnei ranunga te mea matua o te tauine, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga mō te whakaputanga o te whakatōtōtanga ā-wāhanga totoka ko: ka heke te wairewatanga o ētahi tote i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Pērā i a Ca(HCO3)2, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2, me ētahi atu. Tuarua, i te mimiti haere o te wai, ka piki ake te kukū o ngā tote rewa i roto i te wai, ka tae ki te taumata o te supersaturation. Ka puta he tauhohenga matū i roto i te wai wera, ka hangaia rānei e ētahi katote ētahi atu katote tote kore e rewa.
Mō ētahi tote e tutuki ana i ngā tikanga o runga ake nei, ka whakatakotoria tuatahitia ngā puku taketake ki te mata whakarewa, kātahi ka huri haere hei matūriki. He hanganga tioata kore-āhua, he mea huna rānei, ā, ka huihui hei hanga tioata, hei tautau rānei. Ko ngā tote paikāpōnate te take matua e hua ai te taurite i roto i te wai whakamatao. Nā te mea ka ngaro te taurite o te konupūmā kāpōnate taumaha i te wā whakamahana, ā, ka pirau hei konupūmā kāpōnate, te hauhā me te wai. Ko te konupūmā kāpōnate, i tētahi atu taha, he iti ake te wairewa, ā, ka whakatakotoria ki runga i ngā mata o ngā taputapu whakamatao. I nāianei:
Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3↓+H2O+CO2↑.
Ka waikura te taputapu i te hanganga o te unahi i runga i te mata o te whakawhiti wera, ka whakapoto i te roa o te mahi a te taputapu; tuarua, ka aukati i te whakawhiti wera o te whakawhiti wera, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga.
2. Te tango i te unahi i roto i te pouaka whakamātao
1. Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā tikanga tango i te tauine
Ko ngā tikanga mō te tango i te unahi i runga i te mata o ngā whakawhiti wera ko te tango ā-ringa, te tango ā-ringa, te tango matū me te tango ā-tinana.
I roto i ngā momo tikanga tango tauine. He pai ngā tikanga tango tauine ā-tinana me ngā tikanga whakakore-tauine, engari nā te kaupapa mahi a ngā taputapu tango tauine hiko noa, tera anō ētahi wā kāore e tino pai te hua, pēnei i:
(1). Ka rerekē te pakeke o te wai i ia wāhi, i ia wāhi.
(2). Ka rerekē te pakeke o te wai i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, ka taea e te taputapu tango tauine hiko ua māmā te whakatakoto i tētahi mahere tango tauine e tika ana kia rite ki ngā tauira wai i tukuna mai e te kaihanga, kia kore ai e manukanuka ki ētahi atu pānga o te tango tauine;
(3). Ki te kore te kaiwhakahaere e aro ki te mahi pupuhi, ka noho taumaha tonu te mata o te whakawhiti wera.
Ka taea anake te whakaaro ki te tikanga tango matū ina he ngoikore te pānga whakawhiti wera o te waeine, ā, he nui te tauine, engari ka pā ki te taputapu, nō reira me ārai i te kino o te paparanga piauau me te pā ki te roa o te ratonga o te taputapu.
2. Tikanga tango paru
Ko te paru he mea hanga i ngā rōpū moroiti pēnei i te huakita me te rimurimu e rewa ana, e whakaputa uri ana i roto i te wai, e konatunatua ana ki te paru, te onepu, te puehu, me ētahi atu hei hanga paru ngohengohe. Ka waikura i roto i ngā paipa, ka whakaiti i te pai o te mahi, ka whakanui ake i te ātete ki te rere, ka whakaiti i te rere o te wai. He maha ngā huarahi hei whakatau i tēnei. Ka taea e koe te tāpiri i te matū whakapūmau hei whakapūmau i te mea iri i roto i te wai e rere ana hei putiputi konumohe ka tau ki raro i te puna, ka taea te tango mā te tukunga paru; ka taea e koe te tāpiri i te mea whakamarara hei whakamarara i ngā matūriki iri i roto i te wai me te kore e totohu; Ka taea te pehi i te hanganga o te paru mā te tāpiri i te tātari taha, mā te tāpiri rānei i ētahi atu rongoā hei aukati, hei patu rānei i ngā moroiti.
3. Tikanga tango waikura
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka waikura nā te paru me ngā hua waikura e piri ana ki te mata o te ngongo whakawhiti wera hei hanga i tētahi pākahiko kukū hāora, ā, ka puta te waikura. Nā te haere tonu o te waikura, ka pakaru te ngongo whakawhiti wera i te wāhanga, ā, ka heke te kaha whakamatao. Tērā pea ka makahia te wāhanga, ka nui te mate ōhanga ka pā ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Inaa, i roto i te whakahaere o te wāhanga, mena ka whakahaeretia pai te kounga o te wai, ka whakapakaritia te whakahaere kounga o te wai, ā, ka āraihia te hanganga o te paru, ka taea te whakahaere pai i te pānga o te waikura ki te pūnaha wai o te wāhanga.
Ina kore e taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga noa hei whakatau i tēnei āhuatanga nā te pikinga o te tauine, ka taea te tāuta i ngā taputapu tango tauine ā-tinana mō ngā mahi ārai-tauine me te tango tauine, pērā i ngā taputapu tango tauine hiko, ngā taputapu tango tauine wiri aukume ultrasonic, me ētahi atu.
I muri i te piri o te unahi, te puehu me te rimurimu, ka tino heke te mahi whakawhiti wera o te ngongo whakawhiti wera, ka whakaiti i te mahi whānui o te waeine.
Hei ārai i te tauine me te huka o te wai whakamatao i roto i te pūwero i te wā e whakahaerehia ana, e rua ngā momo pūnaha wai whakamatao: te huringa tuwhera me te huringa kati. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e mātou te huringa kati. Nā te mea he ara iahiko hiri, kāore e puta te mimiti me te kukū. I taua wā anō, kāore te hau, te paru, te puehu, me ētahi atu i roto i te wai e konatunatua ki te wai, ā, he iti noa te tauine o te wai whakamatao, i te mea ko te huka o te wai whakamatao te take nui. Ka huka te wai i roto i te pūwero nā te mea ko te wera e tangohia ana e te pūwero i te wā e mimiti ana i roto i te pūwero he nui ake i te wera ka taea e te wai whakamatao e rere ana i roto i te pūwero te whakarato, kia heke ai te pāmahana o te wai whakamatao ki raro i te pūwāhi huka, ā, ka huka te wai. Me aro ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ēnei āhuatanga i te wā e whakahaerehia ana:
1. Mēnā he rite te tere rere e tomo ana ki te whakapūhaumāota ki te tere rere kua whakatauria o te mīhini matua, inā koa mēnā he maha ngā waeine whakamatao e whakamahia ana i te wā kotahi, mēnā he kore taurite te nui o te wai e tomo ana ki ia waeine, mēnā rānei kei te rere takitahi te nui o te wai o te waeine me te papu. He āhuatanga whakawhiti rōpū mīhini. I tēnei wā, ko ngā kaihanga o ngā pouaka whakamatao bromine te nuinga o te wā e whakamahi ana i ngā pana rere wai hei aromatawai mēnā kei te rere mai te wai. Me ōrite te kōwhiringa o ngā pana rere wai ki te tere rere kua whakatauria. Ka taea te whakauru i ngā waeine ā-ture ki ngā takirere taurite rere hihiri.
2. Kei te pūnaha tiaki pāmahana iti o te wai hauhautanga te pūwhakamatao bromine. Ina iti iho te pāmahana o te wai hauhautanga i te +4°C, ka mutu te rere o te pūnaha tiaki. Ina rere te kaiwhakahaere mō te wā tuatahi i te raumati i ia tau, me tirotiro e ia mēnā kei te mahi te tiaki pāmahana iti o te wai hauhautanga, me te tika hoki o te uara tautuhinga pāmahana.
3. I te wā e whakahaerehia ana te pūnaha hauhautanga o te pouaka whakamatao bromine, ki te mutu ohorere te mahi a te papu wai, me whakamutu tonu te miihini matua. Ki te heke tonu te pāmahana wai i roto i te evaporator, me mahi ngā mahi, pēnei i te kati i te takirere putanga wai hauhautanga o te evaporator, te whakatuwhera tika i te takirere whakaheke o te evaporator, kia rere ai te wai i roto i te evaporator, kia kore ai e huka te wai.
4. Ina mutu te mahi a te waeine whakamatao bromine, me whakahaere kia rite ki ngā tikanga whakahaere. Whakamutua te miihini matua, tatari mō te neke atu i te tekau meneti, kātahi ka whakamutua te papu wai whakamatao.
5. Kāore e taea te tango i te pana rere wai i roto i te wāhanga pouaka whakamātao me te parenga pāmahana iti o te wai pouaka whakamātao i te wā e hiahiatia ana.
Wā tuku: Maehe-09-2023
